CHAPTER 1
VERB
AS COMPLEMENT
Verb as
complement is a verbs that are always followed by the infinitive complement.
Yang merupakan
suatu kata atau kelompok kata yang digunakan untuk melengkapi makna dari subject, verb, dan object. Pada umumnya rumusnya sebagai berikut :
Subject + Verbs
+ Compelement/Object + M
Jika verb
menjadi complement atau objek dalam sebuah kalimat, maka verbs tersebut bisa
berbentuk infinitive dengan
menggunakan (to + verb) atau berbenttuk gerund
dengan menggunakan (verb + ing). Penentuan dalam bentuk tersebut tergantung oleh verb yang menjadi
predicate dalam kalimat itu.
1. Verbs +
Gerund
Gerund merupakan kata kerja yang
berfungsi sebagai kata benda sehingga dapat berfungsi sebagai subjek, objek dan
pelengkap (complement) dalam kalimat, juga di belakang sebuah preposisi. Bentuk
gerund biasanya disebut verb+ing. Mungkin istilah itulah yang biasa kita kenal
selama ini mengenai gerund. Singkatnya, Gerund adalah kata benda yang dibentuk
dari kata kerja (verb) + ing. Gerund sebagai pelengkap tidak dapat dijadikan
subject dalam kalimat pasif (passive voice).
Gerund terletak
setelah to be: is/am/are,
was/were,
been/being/be.
Contoh :
·
My
hobby is swiming
·
Her
hobby is reading a newspaper
·
My
favorite sport is playing badminton
·
What
she wants to do now is crying over her mother to release her burden
·
He
considered traveling to Europe for the summer, but he doesn’t have enough funds
2. Verb + to
Inivinitive
Infinitives adalah bentuk dasar dari
verbs. Dalam bahasa inggris, penulisan infinitives biasanya diawali
dengan “to”. Misalnya: to read, to walk, to give, dan seterusnya.
Meskipun pada umumnya
infinitive diawali dengan “to”, akan tetapi ada beberapa infinitive tanpa “to”,
biasanya disebut dengan “bare infinitive”.
Contoh:
a. Subject + Verb + to infinitive
·
I want to study English.
·
I hope to see you again.
·
Residents are not allowed to bring pets in my apartment.
·
My boss expects me to finish the work as soon as possible.
·
The teacher reminded the students to do their homework.
·
The doctor advised him to stop smoking.
3. Verb + Preposition +
Gerund
Ada dua kemungkinan jika Gerund
digunakan sebagai Object, yakni Object of Preposition (Object Kata Depan) dan
Object of Verb (Object Kata Kerja). Beberapa preposisi (preposition) lazim yang
sering diikuti oleh Gerund adalah: about, in, for, of, without, from, by,
dan to. Untuk preposisi “to”, boleh diikuti Gerund jika
fungsinya memang sebagai presposisi, bukan bentuk dari infinitive.
Contoh :
·
I’m used to sleeping with the window open.
·
I’m accustomed to sleeping with the window open.
·
I look forward to going home next month.
CHAPTER 2
AFFIRMATIVE
AGREEMENT AND NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
1. Affirmative
Agreement
Ketika
menunjukkan bahwa seseorang atau sesuatu melakukan sesuatu lalu menambahkan
bahwa orang lain melakukan hal yang sama, gunakan kata “jadi” atau “terlalu”.
Untuk menghindari pengulangan kata-kata yang tidak perlu dari pernyataan
afirmatif, gunakan kata sambung “dan”, diikuti dengan pernyataan sederhana.
Contoh :
Affirmative
statement (be) + and + [ S + verb (be) + too
I am happy and you are too.
Affirmative
statement (be) + and + [ so + verb (be) + S ]
I am happy and
so are you.
Affirmative
statement (compound verb) + and + [ S + auxiliary only + too ]
Sammy should do
his homework and Bella should too.
Affirmative
statement (compound verb) + and + [ so + auxiliary only + S ]
Sammy should do
his homework and so does Bella.
Affirmative
statement (single verb except be) + and + [ S + do, does ,or did + too ]
Tifanny plays
guitar every day and Fina does too.
Affirmative
statement (single verb except be) + and + [ so + do, does, or did + S ]
Yunita sung
“Gee” and so did Putri.
Contoh tambahan
:
1. Rose likes to
fly, and her brother does too.
2. They will
leave at noon, and I will too.
3. He has an
early appointment, and so do I.
4. She has
already written her composition, and so have her friends.
5. Their plane
is arriving at nine o’clock, and so is mine.
6. I should go
grocery shopping this afternoon, and so should my neighbor.
7. We like to
swim in the pool, and they do too.
8. Our Spanish
teacher loves to travel, and so do we.
9. He has lived
in Mexico for five years, and you have too.
10. I must write
them a letter, and she must too.
2. Negative
Agreement
Penggunaan kata “Either”
(entah) dan "Neither" (tidak) ini berfungsi dalam pernyataan
sederhana seperti "begitu" dan "terlalu" dalam kalimat
afirmatif. Namun, baik dan tidak digunakan untuk menunjukkan kesepakatan
negatif. Aturan yang sama untuk organisasi pelengkap, be and do, does, or does
apply.
Negative
statement + and + [ S + negative auxiliary or be + either]
Negative
statement + and + [ neither + positive auxiliary or be + S ]
Contoh :
I didn’t see
Mary this morning. Edward didn’t see Mary this morning
I didn’t see
Mary this morning and Nicholas didn’t either.
I didn’t see
Mary this morning and neither did Nicholas.
Contoh Tambahan :
1. The children
shouldn’t take that medicine, and neither should she.
2. We don’t plan
to attend the concert, and neither do they.
3. I don’t like
tennis, and he doesn’t either.
4. She didn’t
see anyone she knew, and neither did Tim.
5. The Yankees
couldn’t play due to the bad weather, and neither could the Angels.
6. Mary can’t
type well, and her sister can’t either.
7. I’m not
interested in reading that book, and neither is she.
8. They won’t
have to work on weekends, and we won’t either.
9. I can’t stand
listening to that music, and she can’t either.
10. Michael
doesn’t speak English, and his family doesn’t either.
11. That
scientist isn’t too happy with the project, and neither are her supervisors.
12. We can’t
study in the library, and they can’t either.
13. I haven’t
worked there long, and neither have you.
14. You didn’t
pay the rent, and she didn’t either.
15. They didn’t
want anything to drink, and neither did we.
16. John
shouldn’t run so fast, and neither should you.
17. The students
won’t accept the dean’s decision, and the faculty won’t either.
18. Your class
hasn’t begun yet, and neither has mine.
19. She couldn’t
attend the lecture, and her sister couldn’t either.
20. He didn’t
know the answer, and neither did I.
Source:
Cliffs, Test of
English as a Foreign Language Preparation Guide.1991.
